Catholic doctrine
Purgatory (Lat., "purgare", to make clean, to purify) in accordance with Catholic teaching is a place orcondition of temporal punishment for those who, departing this life in God's grace, are, not entirely free from venial faults, or have not fully paid the satisfaction due to their transgressions.The faith of the Church concerning purgatory is clearly expressed in the Decree of Union drawn up by the Council of Florence (Mansi, t. XXXI, col. 1031), and in the decree of the Council of Trent which (Sess. XXV) defined:
"Whereas the Catholic Church, instructed by the Holy Ghost, has from the Sacred Scriptures and the ancient tradition of the Fathers taught in Councils and very recently in this Ecumenical synod (Sess. VI, cap. XXX; Sess. XXII cap.ii, iii) that there is a purgatory, and that the souls therein are helped by the suffrages of the faithful, but principally by the acceptable Sacrifice of the Altar; the Holy Synod enjoins on the Bishops that they diligently endeavor to have the sound doctrine of the Fathers in Councils regarding purgatory everywhere taught and preached, held and believed by the faithful" (Denzinger, "Enchiridon", 983).Further than this the definitions of the Church do not go, but the tradition of the Fathers and theSchoolmen must be consulted to explain the teachings of the councils, and to make clear the beliefand the practices of the faithful.
Temporal punishment
That temporal punishment is due to sin, even after the sin itself has been pardoned by God, is clearly the teaching of Scripture. God indeed brought man out of his first disobedience and gave him power to govern all things (Wisdom 10:2), but still condemned him "to eat his bread in the sweat of his brow" until he returned unto dust. God forgave the incredulity of Moses and Aaron, but in punishment kept them from the "land of promise" (Numbers 20:12). The Lord took away the sin of David, but the life of the child was forfeited because David had made God's enemies blaspheme His Holy Name (2 Samuel 12:13-14). In the New Testament as well as in the Old, almsgiving and fasting, and in generalpenitential acts are the real fruits of repentance (Matthew 3:8; Luke 17:3; 3:3). The whole penitentialsystem of the Church testifies that the voluntary assumption of penitential works has always been part of true repentance and the Council of Trent (Sess. XIV, can. xi) reminds the faithful that Goddoes not always remit the whole punishment due to sin together with the guilt. God requires satisfaction, and will punish sin, and this doctrine involves as its necessary consequence a belief that the sinner failing to do penance in this life may be punished in another world, and so not be cast offeternally from God.Venial sins
All sins are not equal before God, nor dare anyone assert that the daily faults of human frailty will be punished with the same severity that is meted out to serious violation of God's law. On the other hand whosoever comes into God's presence must be perfectly pure for in the strictest sense His "eyes are too pure, to behold evil" (Habakkuk 1:13). For unrepented venial faults for the payment of temporal punishment due to sin at time of death, the Church has always taught the doctrine of purgatory.So deep was this belief ingrained in our common humanity that it was accepted by the Jews, and in at least a shadowy way by the pagans, long before the coming of Christianity. ("Aeneid," VI, 735 sq.; Sophocles, "Antigone," 450 sq.).
Errors
Epiphanius (Haer., lxxv, P.G., XLII, col. 513) complains that Aërius (fourth century) taught thatprayers for the dead were of no avail. In the Middle Ages, the doctrine of purgatory was rejected by the Albigenses, Waldenses, and Hussites. St. Bernard (Serm. lxvi in Cantic., P.L. CLXXXIII, col. 1098) states that the so-called "Apostolici" denied purgatory and the utility of prayers for the departed. Much discussion has arisen over the position of the Greeks on the question of purgatory. It would seem that the great difference of opinion was not concerning the existence of purgatory but concerning the nature of purgatorial fire; still St. Thomas proves the existence of purgatory in his dissertation against the errors of the Greeks, and the Council of Florence also thought necessary to affirm the belief of the Church on the subject (Bellarmine, "De Purgatorio," lib. I, cap. i). The modernOrthodox Church denies purgatory, but is rather inconsistent in its way of putting forth its belief.At the beginning of the Reformation there was some hesitation especially on Luther's part (Leipzig Disputation) as to whether the doctrine should be retained, but as the breach widened, the denial of purgatory by the Reformers became universal, and Calvin termed the Catholic position "exitiale commentum quod crucem Christi evacuat . . . quod fidem nostram labefacit et evertit" (Institutiones, lib. III, cap. v, 6). Modern Protestants, while they avoid the name purgatory, frequently teach thedoctrine of "the middle state," and Martensen ("Christian Dogmatics," Edinburgh, 1890, p. 457) writes: "As no soul leaves this present existence in a fully complete and prepared state, we must suppose that there is an intermediate state, a realm of progressive development, (?) in which souls are prepared for the final judgment" (Farrar, "Mercy and Judgment," London, 1881, cap. iii).
Proofs
The Catholic doctrine of purgatory supposes the fact that some die with smaller faults for which there was no true repentance, and also the fact that the temporal penalty due to sin is it times not wholly paid in this life. The proofs for the Catholic position, both in Scripture and in Tradition, are bound up also with the practice of praying for the dead. For why pray for the dead, if there be no belief in the power of prayer to afford solace to those who as yet are excluded from the sight of God? So true is this position that prayers for the dead and the existence of a place of purgation are mentioned in conjunction in the oldest passages of the Fathers, who allege reasons for succouring departed souls. Those who have opposed the doctrine of purgatory have confessed that prayers for the dead would be an unanswerable argument if the modern doctrine of a "particular judgment" had been received in the early ages. But one has only to read the testimonies hereinafter alleged to feel sure that theFathers speak, in the same breath, of oblations for the dead and a place of purgation; and one has only to consult the evidence found in the catacombs to feel equally sure that the Christian faith there expressed embraced clearly a belief in judgment immediately after death. Wilpert ("Roma Sotteranea," I, 441) thus concludes chapter 21, "Che tale esaudimento", etc.:Intercession has been made for the soul of the dear one departed and God has heard theprayer, and the soul has passed into a place of light and refreshment." "Surely," Wilpert adds, "such intercession would have no place were there question not of the particular, but of the final judgment.Some stress too has been laid upon the objection that the ancient Christians had no clear conception of purgatory, and that they thought that the souls departed remained in uncertainty of salvation to the last day; and consequently they prayed that those who had gone before might in the final judgment escape even the everlasting torments of hell. The earliest Christian traditions are clear as to the particular judgment, and clearer still concerning a sharp distinction between purgatory and hell. The passages alledged as referring to relief from hell cannot offset the evidence given below (Bellarmine, "De Purgatorio," lib. II, cap. v). Concerning the famous case of Trajan, which vexed theDoctors of the Middle Ages, see Bellarmine, loc. cit., cap. Viii.
Old Testament
The tradition of the Jews is put forth with precision and clearness in 2 Maccabees. Judas, the commander of the forces of Israel,making a gathering . . . sent twelve thousand drachmas of silver to Jerusalem for sacrificeto be offered for the sins of the dead, thinking well and religiously concerning theresurrection (For if he had not hoped that they that were slain should rise again, it would have seemed superfluous and vain to pray for the dead). And because he considered that they who had fallen asleep with godliness, had great grace laid up for them. It is therefore a holy and wholesome thought to pray for the dead, that they may be loosed from sins. (2 Maccabees 12:43-46)At the time of the Maccabees the leaders of the people of God had no hesitation in asserting the efficacy of prayers offered for the dead, in order that those who had departed this life might find pardon for their sins and the hope of eternal resurrection.
New Testament
There are several passages in the New Testament that point to a process of purification after death. Thus, Jesus Christ declares (Matthew 12:32): "And whosoever shall speak a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but he that shall speak against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, nor in the world to come." According to St. Isidore of Seville (Deord. creatur., c. xiv, n. 6) these words prove that in the next life "some sins will be forgiven and purged away by a certain purifying fire." St. Augustine also argues "that some sinners are not forgiven either in this world or in the next would not be truly said unless there were other [sinners] who, though not forgiven in this world, are forgiven in the world to come" (City of God XXI.24). The same interpretation is given by Gregory the Great (Dial., IV, xxxix); St. Bede (commentary on this text); St. Bernard(Sermo lxvi in Cantic., n. 11) and other eminent theological writers.A further argument is supplied by St. Paul in 1 Corinthians 3:11-15:
"For other foundation no man can lay, but that which is laid; which is Christ Jesus. Now if any man build upon this foundation, gold, silver, precious stones, wood, hay stubble: Every man's work shall be manifest; for the day of the Lord shall declare it, because it shall be revealed in fire; and the fire shall try every man's work, of what sort it is. If anyman's work abide, which he hath built thereupon, he shall receive a reward. If any man'swork burn, he shall suffer loss: but he himself shall be saved, yet so as by fire."While this passage presents considerable difficulty, it is regarded by many of the Fathers andtheologians as evidence for the existence of an intermediate state in which the dross of lightertransgressions will be burnt away, and the soul thus purified will be saved. This, according toBellarmine (De Purg., I, 5), is the interpretation commonly given by the Fathers and theologians; and he cites to this effect:
- St. Ambrose (commentary on the text, and Sermo xx in Ps. cxvii),
- St. Jerome, (Comm. in Amos, c. iv),
- St. Augustine (Enarration on Psalm 37),
- St. Gregory (Dial., IV, xxxix), and
- Origen (Hom. vi in Exod.).
Tradition
This doctrine that many who have died are still in a place of purification and that prayers avail to help the dead is part of the very earliest Christian tradition. Tertullian "De corona militis" mentions prayers for the dead as an Apostolic ordinance, and in "De Monogamia" (chapter 10) he advises a widow "topray for the soul of her husband, begging repose for him and participation in the first resurrection"; he commands her also "to make oblations for him on the anniversary of his demise," and charges her with infidelity if she neglect to succour his soul. This settled custom of the Church is clear from St. Cyprian, who (P.L. IV, col. 399) forbade the customary prayers for one who had violated theecclesiastical law. "Our predecessors prudently advised that no brother, departing this life, should nominate any churchman as his executor; and should he do it, that no oblation should be made for him, nor sacrifice offered for his repose." Long before Cyprian, Clement of Alexandria had puzzled over the question of the state or condition of the man who, reconciled to God on his death-bed, had notime for the fulfilment of penance due his transgression. His answer is: "the believer through disciplinedivests himself of his passions and passes to the mansion which is better than the former one, passes to the greatest torment, taking with him the characteristic of repentance for the faults he may have committed after baptism. He is tortured then still more, not yet attaining what he sees others have acquired. The greatest torments are assigned to the believer, for God's righteousness is good, and Hisgoodness righteous, and though these punishments cease in the course of the expiation and purification of each one, "yet" etc. (P.G. IX, col. 332).In Origen the doctrine of purgatory is very clear. If a man departs this life with lighter faults, he is condemned to fire which burns away the lighter materials, and prepares the soul for the kingdom of God, where nothing defiled may enter. "For if on the foundation of Christ you have built not only gold and silver and precious stones (1 Corinthians 3); but also wood and hay and stubble, what do you expect when the soul shall be separated from the body? Would you enter into heaven with your wood and hay and stubble and thus defile the kingdom of God; or on account of these hindrances would you remain without and receive no reward for your gold and silver and precious stones? Neither is this just. It remains then that you be committed to the fire which will burn the light materials; for our God to those who can comprehend heavenly things is called a cleansing fire. But this fire consumes not the creature, but what the creature has himself built, wood and hay and stubble. It is manifest that the fire destroys the wood of our transgressions and then returns to us the reward of our great works." (P.G., XIII, col. 445, 448).
The Apostolic practice of praying for the dead which passed into the liturgy of the Church, is as clear in the fourth century as it is in the twentieth. St. Cyril of Jerusalem (Mystagogical Catechesis V.9) describing the liturgy, writes: "Then we pray for the Holy Fathers and Bishops that are dead; and in short for all those who have departed this life in our communion; believing that the souls of those for whom prayers are offered receive very great relief, while this holy and tremendous victim lies upon thealtar." St. Gregory of Nyssa (P.G., XLVI, col. 524, 525) states that man's weaknesses are purged in this life by prayer and wisdom, or are expiated in the next by a cleansing fire. "When he has quitted his body and the difference between virtue and vice is known he cannot approach God till the purging fire shall have cleansed the stains with which his soul was infested. That same fire in others will cancel the corruption of matter, and the propensity to evil." About the same time the Apostolic Constitution gives us the formularies used in succouring the dead. "Let us pray for our brethren who sleep in Christ, that God who in his love for men has received the soul of the departed one, may forgive him every fault, and in mercy and clemency receive him into the bosom of Abraham, with those who in this life have pleased God" (P.G. I, col. 1144). Nor can we pass over the use of the diptychswhere the names of the dead were inscribed; and this remembrance by name in the Sacred Mysteries--(a practice that was from the Apostles) was considered by Chrysostom as the best way of relieving the dead (Homily 41 on First Corinthians, no. 8).
The teaching of the Fathers, and the formularies used in the Liturgy of the Church, found expression in the early Christian monuments, particularly those contained in the catacombs. On the tombs of thefaithful were inscribed words of hope, words of petition for peace and for rest; and as the anniversaries came round the faithful gathered at the graves of the departed to make intercession for those who had gone before. At the bottom this is nothing else than the faith expressed by the Council of Trent (Sess. XXV, "De Purgatorio"), and to this faith the inscriptions in the catacombs are surely witnesses.
In the fourth century in the West, Ambrose insists in his commentary on St. Paul (1 Corinthians 3) on the existence of purgatory, and in his masterly funeral oration (De obitu Theodosii), thus prays for thesoul of the departed emperor: "Give, O Lord, rest to Thy servant Theodosius, that rest Thou hast prepared for Thy saints. . . . I loved him, therefore will I follow him to the land of the living; I will not leave him till by my prayers and lamentations he shall be admitted unto the holy mount of the Lord, to which his deserts call him" (P.L., XVI, col. 1397). St. Augustine is clearer even than his master. He describes two conditions of men; "some there are who have departed this life, not so bad as to be deemed unworthy of mercy, nor so good as to be entitled to immediate happiness" etc., and in theresurrection he says there will be some who "have gone through these pains, to which the spirits of the dead are liable" (City of God XXI.24). Thus at the close of the fourth century:
- not only were prayers for the dead found in all the Liturgies, but the Fathers asserted that such practice was from the Apostles themselves;
- those who were helped by the prayers of the faithful and by the celebration of the Holy Mysteries were in a place of purgation;
- from which when purified they "were admitted unto the Holy Mount of the Lord".
Duration and nature
Duration
The very reasons assigned for the existence of purgatory make for its passing character. We pray, we offer sacrifice for souls therein detained that "God in mercy may forgive every fault and receive them into the bosom of Abraham" (Apostolic Constitutions); and Augustine (City of God XXI.13, 16) declares that the punishment of purgatory is temporary and will cease, at least with the Last Judgment. "But temporary punishments are suffered by some in this life only, by others after death, by others both now and then; but all of them before that last and strictest judgment."Nature of punishment
It is clear from the Liturgies and the Fathers above cited that the souls for whose peace sacrifice was offered were shut out for the time being from the sight of God. They were "not so good as to be entitled to eternal happiness". Still, for them "death is the termination not of nature but of sin" (Ambrose, "De obitu Theodos."); and this inability to sin makes them secure of final happiness. This is the Catholic position proclaimed by Leo X in the Bull "Exurge Domine" which condemned the errors ofLuther.Are the souls detained in purgatory conscious that their happiness is but deferred for a time, or may they still be in doubt concerning their ultimate salvation? The ancient Liturgies and the inscriptions of the catacombs speak of a "sleep of peace", which would be impossible if there was any doubt of ultimate salvation. Some of the Doctors of the Middle Ages thought uncertainty of salvation one of the severe punishments of purgatory. (Bellarmine, "De Purgat." lib. II, cap. iv); but this opinion finds no general credit among the theologians of the medieval period, nor is it possible in the light of thebelief in the particular judgment. St. Bonaventure gives as the reason for this elimination of fear and of uncertainty the intimate conviction that they can no longer sin (lib. IV, dist. xx, p.1, a.1 q. iv): "Est evacuatio timoris propter confirniationem liberi arbitrii, qua deinceps scit se peccare non posse" (Fear is cast out because of the strengthening of the will by which the soul knows it can no longer sin), andSt. Thomas (dist. xxi, q. i, a.1) says: "nisi scirent se esse liberandas suffragia non peterent" (unless they knew that they are to be delivered, they would not ask for prayers).
Merit
In the Bull "Exurge Domine" Leo X condemns the proposition (n. 38) "Nec probatum est ullis aut rationibus aut scripturis ipsas esse extra statum merendi aut augendae caritatis" (There is no prooffrom reason or Scripture that they [the souls in purgatory] cannot merit or increase in charity). For them "the night has come in which no man can labour", and Christian tradition has always considered that only in this life can man work unto the profit of his own soul. The Doctors of the Middle Ageswhile agreeing that this life is the time for merit and increase of grace, still some with St. Thomasseemed to question whether or not there might be some non-essential reward which the souls in purgatory might merit (IV, dist. xxi, q. i, a. 3). Bellarmine believes that in this matter St. Thomaschanged his opinion and refers to a statement of St. Thomas ("De Malo", q. vii, a. 11). Whatever may be the mind of the Angelic Doctor, theologians agree that no merit is possible in purgatory, and if objection be urged that the souls there merit by their prayers, Bellarmine says that such prayers avail with God because of merit already acquired "Solum impetrant ex meritis praeteritis quomodo nunc sancti orando) pro nobis impetrant licet non merendo" (They avail only in virtue of past merits as those who are now saints intercede for us not by merit but by prayer). (loc. cit. II, cap. iii).Purgatorial fire
At the Council of Florence, Bessarion argued against the existence of real purgatorial fire, and theGreeks were assured that the Roman Church had never issued any dogmatic decree on this subject. In the West the belief in the existence of real fire is common. Augustine (Enarration on Psalm 37, no. 3) speaks of the pain which purgatorial fire causes as more severe than anything a man can suffer in this life, "gravior erit ignis quam quidquid potest homo pati in hac vita" (P.L., col. 397). Gregory the Greatspeaks of those who after this life "will expiate their faults by purgatorial flames," and he adds "that the pain be more intolerable than any one can suffer in this life" (Ps. 3 poenit., n. 1). Following in the footsteps of Gregory, St. Thomas teaches (IV, dist. xxi, q. i, a.1) that besides the separation of thesoul from the sight of God, there is the other punishment from fire. "Una poena damni, in quantum scilicet retardantur a divina visione; alia sensus secundum quod ab igne punientur", and St. Bonaventure not only agrees with St. Thomas but adds (IV, dist. xx, p.1, a.1, q. ii) that this punishment by fire is more severe than any punishment which comes to men in this life; "Gravior est omni temporali poena. quam modo sustinet anima carni conjuncta". How this fire affects the souls of the departed the Doctors do not know, and in such matters it is well to heed the warning of theCouncil of Trent when it commands the bishops "to exclude from their preaching difficult and subtle questions which tend not to edification', and from the discussion of which there is no increase either in piety or devotion" (Sess. XXV, "De Purgatorio").Succouring the dead
Scripture and the Fathers command prayers and oblations for the departed, and the Council of Trent(Sess. XXV, "De Purgatorio") in virtue of this tradition not only asserts the existence of purgatory, but adds "that the souls therein detained are aided by the suffrages of the faithful and principally by the acceptable sacrifice of the altar." That those on earth are still in communion with the souls in purgatory is the earliest Christian teaching, and that the living aid the dead by their prayers and works of satisfaction is clear from the tradition above alleged. That the Holy Sacrifice was offered for the departed was received Catholic Tradition even in the days of Tertullian and Cyprian, and that thesouls of the dead, were aided particularly "while the sacred victim lay upon the altar" is the expression of Cyril of Jerusalem quoted above. Augustine (Serm. clxii, n. 2) says that the "prayers and alms of the faithful, the Holy Sacrifice of the altar aid the faithful departed and move the Lord to deal with them in mercy and kindness, and," he adds, "this is the practice of the universal Church handed down by the Fathers." Whether our works of satisfaction performed on behalf of the dead avail purely out ofGod's benevolence and mercy, or whether God obliges himself in justice to accept our vicariousatonement, is not a settled question. Francisco Suárez thinks that the acceptance is one of justice, and alleges the common practice of the Church which joins together the living and the dead without any discrimination (De poenit., disp. xlviii, 6, n. 4).Indulgences
The Council of Trent (Sess. XXV) defined that indulgences are "most salutary for Christian people" and that their "use is to be retained in the Church". It is the common teaching of Catholic theologians that- indulgences may be applied to the souls detained in purgatory; and
- that indulgences are available for them "by way of suffrage" (per modum suffragii).
(2) St. Bonaventure (IV, Sent., dist. xx, p. 2, q. v) agrees with St. Thomas, but adds that such "relaxation cannot be after the manner of absolution as in the case of the living but only as suffrage (Haec non tenet modum judicii, sed potius suffragii). This opinion of St. Bonaventure, that the Churchthrough its Supreme Pastor does not absolve juridically the souls in purgatory from the punishment due their sins, is the teaching of the Doctors. They point out (Gratian, 24 q. ii, 2, can.1) that in case of those who have departed this life, judgment is reserved to God; they allege the authority of Gelasius(Ep. ad Fausturn; Ep. ad. Episcopos Dardaniae) in support of their contention (Gratian ibid.), and they also insist that the Roman Pontiffs, when they grant indulgences that are applicable to the dead, add the restriction "per modum suffragii et deprecationis". This phrase is found in the Bull of Sixtus IV"Romani Pontificis provida diligentia", 27 Nov. 1447.
The phrase "per modum suffragi et deprecationis" has been variously interpreted by theologians(Bellarmine, "De indulgentiis", p.137). Bellarmine himself says: "The true opinion is that indulgencesavail as suffrage, because they avail not after the fashion of a juridical absolution 'quia non prosunt per modum juridicae absolutionis'." But according to the same author the suffrages of the faithful avail at times "per modum meriti congrui" (by way of merit), at times "per modum impetrationis" (by way of supplication) at times "per modum satisfactionis" (by way of satisfaction); but when there is question of applying an indulgence to one in purgatory it is only "per modum suffragii satisfactorii" and for this reason "the pope does not absolve the soul in purgatory from the punishment due his sin, but offers toGod from the treasure of the Church whatever may be necessary for the cancelling of this punishment".
If the question be further asked whether such satisfaction is accepted by God out of mercy and benevolence, or "ex justitia", theologians are not in accord — some holding one opinion, others the other. Bellarmine after canvassing both sides (pp. 137, 138) does not dare to set aside "either opinion, but is inclined to think that the former is more reasonable while he pronounces the latter in harmony with piety ("admodum pia").
Condition
That an indulgence may avail for those in purgatory several conditions are required:- The indulgence must be granted by the pope.
- There must be a sufficient reason for granting the indulgence, and this reason must be something pertaining to the glory of God and the utility of the Church, not merely the utility accruing to the souls in purgatory.
- The pious work enjoined must be as in the case of indulgences for the living.
Invocation of souls
Do the souls in purgatory pray for us? May we call upon them in our needs? There is no decision of theChurch on this subject, nor have the theologians pronounced with definiteness concerning the invocation of the souls in purgatory and their intercession for the living. In the ancient liturgies there are no prayers of the Church directed to those who are still in purgatory. On the tombs of the earlyChristians nothing is more common than a prayer or a supplication asking the departed to intercedewith God for surviving friends, but these inscriptions seem always to suppose that the departed one is already with God. St. Thomas (II-II.83.11) denies that the souls in purgatory pray for the living, and states they are not in a position to pray for us, rather we must make intercession for them. Despite the authority of St. Thomas, many renowned theologians hold that the souls in purgatory really prayfor us, and that we may invoke their aid. Bellarmine (De Purgatorio, lib. II, xv,) says the reason alleged by St. Thomas is not at all convincing, and holds that in virtue of their greater love of God and their union with Him their prayers may have great intercessory power, for they are really superior to us inlove of God, and in intimacy of union with Him. Francisco Suárez (De poenit., disp. xlvii, s. 2, n. 9) goes farther and asserts "that the souls in purgatory are holy, are dear to God, love us with a truelove and are mindful of our wants; that they know in a general way our necessities and our dangers, and how great is our need of divine help and divine grace".When there is question of invoking the prayers of those in purgatory, Bellarmine (loc. cit.) says it is superfluous, ordinarily speaking, for they are ignorant of our circumstances and condition. This is at variance with the opinion of Francisco Suárez, who admits knowledge at least in a general way, also with the opinions of many modern theologians who point to the practice now common with almost all the faithful of addressing their prayers and petitions for help to those who are still in a place of purgation. Scavini (Theol. Moral., XI, n. 174) sees no reason why the souls detained in purgatory may not pray for us, even as we pray for one another. He asserts that this practice has become common at Rome, and that it has the great name of St. Alphonsus in its favour. St. Alphonsus in his work the "Great Means of Salvation", chap. I, III, 2, after quoting Sylvius, Gotti, Lessius, and Medina as favourable to his opinion, concludes: "so the souls in purgatory, being beloved by God and confirmed ingrace, have absolutely no impediment to prevent them from praying for us. Still the Church does not invoke them or implore their intercession, because ordinarily they have no cognizance of our prayers. But we may piously believe that God makes our prayers known to them". He alleges also the authority of St. Catharine of Bologna who "whenever she desired any favour had recourse to the souls in purgatory, and was immediately heard".
Utility of prayer for the departed
It is the traditional faith of Catholics that the souls in purgatory are not separated from the Church, and that the love which is the bond of union between the Church's members should embrace those who have departed this life in God's grace. Hence, since our prayers and our sacrifices can help those who are still waiting in purgatory, the saints have not hesitated to warn us that we have a real dutytoward those who are still in purgatorial expiation. Holy Church through the Congregation of Indulgences, 18 December 1885, has bestowed a special blessing on the so-called "heroic act" in virtue of which "a member of the Church militant offers to God for the souls in purgatory all the satisfactory works which he will perform during his lifetime, and also all the suffrages which may accrue to him after his death" (Heroic Act, vol. VII, 292). The practice of devotion to the dead is also consoling to humanity and eminently worthy of a religion which seconds all the purest feelings of the human heart. "Sweet", says Cardinal Wiseman (lecture XI), "is the consolation of the dying man, who,conscious of imperfection, believes that there are others to make intercession for him, when his owntime for merit has expired; soothing to the afflicted survivors the thought that they possess powerful means of relieving their friend. In the first moments of grief, this sentiment will often overpowerreligious prejudice, cast down the unbeliever on his knees beside the remains of his friend and snatch from him an unconscious prayer for rest; it is an impulse of nature which for the moment, aided by theanalogies of revealed truth, seizes at once upon this consoling belief. But it is only a flitting and melancholy light, while the Catholic feeling, cheering though with solemn dimness, resembles the unfailing lamp, which the piety of the ancients is said to have hung before the sepulchres of their dead."IMHO, Sorga tingkat rendah bisa jadi adalah Purgatory
Namun sepertinya dalam Kitab Wahyu ada penjelasan yang lebih baik:
19:1 Kemudian dari pada itu aku mendengar seperti suara yang nyaring dari himpunan besar orang banyak di sorga, katanya: "Haleluya! Keselamatan dan kemuliaan dan kekuasaan adalah pada Allah kita,
21:1 Lalu aku melihat langit yang baru dan bumi yang baru, sebab langit yang pertama dan bumi yang pertama telah berlalu, dan lautpun tidak ada lagi.
21:2 Dan aku melihat kota yang kudus, Yerusalem yang baru, turun dari sorga, dari Allah, yang berhias bagaikan pengantin perempuan yang berdandan untuk suaminya.
21:3 Lalu aku mendengar suara yang nyaring dari takhta itu berkata: "Lihatlah, kemah Allah ada di tengah-tengah manusia dan Ia akan diam bersama-sama dengan mereka. Mereka akan menjadi umat-Nya dan Ia akan menjadi Allah mereka.
21:4 Dan Ia akan menghapus segala air mata dari mata mereka, dan maut tidak akan ada lagi; tidak akan ada lagi perkabungan, atau ratap tangis, atau dukacita, sebab segala sesuatu yang lama itu telah berlalu."
21:5 Ia yang duduk di atas takhta itu berkata: "Lihatlah, Aku menjadikan segala sesuatu baru!" Dan firman-Nya: "Tuliskanlah, karena segala perkataan ini adalah tepat dan benar."
21:6 Firman-Nya lagi kepadaku: "Semuanya telah terjadi. Aku adalah Alfa dan Omega, Yang Awal dan Yang Akhir. Orang yang haus akan Kuberi minum dengan cuma-cuma dari mata air kehidupan.
21:7 Barangsiapa menang, ia akan memperoleh semuanya ini, dan Aku akan menjadi Allahnya dan ia akan menjadi anak-Ku.
21:8 Tetapi orang-orang penakut, orang-orang yang tidak percaya, orang-orang keji, orang-orang pembunuh, orang-orang sundal, tukang-tukang sihir, penyembah-penyembah berhala dan semua pendusta, mereka akan mendapat bagian mereka di dalam lautan yang menyala-nyala oleh api dan belerang; inilah kematian yang kedua."
21:9 Maka datanglah seorang dari ketujuh malaikat yang memegang ketujuh cawan, yang penuh dengan ketujuh malapetaka terakhir itu, lalu ia berkata kepadaku, katanya: "Marilah ke sini, aku akan menunjukkan kepadamu pengantin perempuan, mempelai Anak Domba."
21:10 Lalu, di dalam roh ia membawa aku ke atas sebuah gunung yang besar lagi tinggi dan ia menunjukkan kepadaku kota yang kudus itu, Yerusalem, turun dari sorga, dari Allah.
21:11 Kota itu penuh dengan kemuliaan Allah dan cahayanya sama seperti permata yang paling indah, bagaikan permata yaspis, jernih seperti kristal.
21:12 Dan temboknya besar lagi tinggi dan pintu gerbangnya dua belas buah; dan di atas pintu-pintu gerbang itu ada dua belas malaikat dan di atasnya tertulis nama kedua belas suku Israel.
21:13 Di sebelah timur terdapat tiga pintu gerbang dan di sebelah utara tiga pintu gerbang dan di sebelah selatan tiga pintu gerbang dan di sebelah barat tiga pintu gerbang.
21:14 Dan tembok kota itu mempunyai dua belas batu dasar dan di atasnya tertulis kedua belas nama kedua belas rasul Anak Domba itu.
21:15 Dan ia, yang berkata-kata dengan aku, mempunyai suatu tongkat pengukur dari emas untuk mengukur kota itu serta pintu-pintu gerbangnya dan temboknya.
21:16 Kota itu bentuknya empat persegi, panjangnya sama dengan lebarnya. Dan ia mengukur kota itu dengan tongkat itu: dua belas ribu stadia; panjangnya dan lebarnya dan tingginya sama.
21:17 Lalu ia mengukur temboknya: seratus empat puluh empat hasta, menurut ukuran manusia, yang adalah juga ukuran malaikat.
21:18 Tembok itu terbuat dari permata yaspis; dan kota itu sendiri dari emas tulen, bagaikan kaca murni.
21:19 Dan dasar-dasar tembok kota itu dihiasi dengan segala jenis permata. Dasar yang pertama batu yaspis, dasar yang kedua batu nilam, dasar yang ketiga batu mirah, dasar yang keempat batu zamrud,
21:20 dasar yang kelima batu unam, dasar yang keenam batu sardis, dasar yang ketujuh batu ratna cempaka, yang kedelapan batu beril, yang kesembilan batu krisolit, yang kesepuluh batu krisopras, yang kesebelas batu lazuardi dan yang kedua belas batu kecubung.
21:21 Dan kedua belas pintu gerbang itu adalah dua belas mutiara: setiap pintu gerbang terdiri dari satu mutiara dan jalan-jalan kota itu dari emas murni bagaikan kaca bening.
21:22 Dan aku tidak melihat Bait Suci di dalamnya; sebab Allah, Tuhan Yang Mahakuasa, adalah Bait Sucinya, demikian juga Anak Domba itu.
21:23 Dan kota itu tidak memerlukan matahari dan bulan untuk menyinarinya, sebab kemuliaan Allah meneranginya dan Anak Domba itu adalah lampunya.
21:24 Dan bangsa-bangsa akan berjalan di dalam cahayanya dan raja-raja di bumi membawa kekayaan mereka kepadanya;
21:25 dan pintu-pintu gerbangnya tidak akan ditutup pada siang hari, sebab malam tidak akan ada lagi di sana;
21:26 dan kekayaan dan hormat bangsa-bangsa akan dibawa kepadanya.
21:27 Tetapi tidak akan masuk ke dalamnya sesuatu yang najis, atau orang yang melakukan kekejian atau dusta, tetapi hanya mereka yang namanya tertulis di dalam kitab kehidupan Anak Domba itu.
Kemudian lihat ayat dalam Injil Matius:
5:18 Karena Aku berkata kepadamu: Sesungguhnya selama belum lenyap langit dan bumi ini, satu iota atau satu titikpun tidak akan ditiadakan dari hukum Taurat, sebelum semuanya terjadi.
5:19 Karena itu siapa yang meniadakan salah satu perintah hukum Taurat sekalipun yang paling kecil, dan mengajarkannya demikian kepada orang lain, ia akan menduduki tempat yang paling rendah di dalam Kerajaan Sorga; tetapi siapa yang melakukan dan mengajarkan segala perintah-perintah hukum Taurat, ia akan menduduki tempat yang tinggi di dalam Kerajaan Sorga.
Dalam Kitab Wahyu tersebut (walaupun sebenarnya tidak bisa literal, namun cukup dapat merepresentatifkan maksud ayat dalam Injil Matius tersebut)
Ada kota dan himpunan banyak orang, mungkin, IMHO, Beatific Vision menjadi acuan, seberapa dekat orang tersebut dengan TUHAN ALLAH, sehingga ada istilah Sorga tingkat rendah dan tingkat tinggi
Jadi menjawab pertanyaannya:
1. Jiwa yang seperti apa yang masuk sorga tingkat rendah?
Tergantung besarnya dosa, semakin besar dosa maka semakin rendah tingkatannya, sebab perikop tersebut berbicara mengenai Hukum Taurat, dimana bicara mengenai pelanggaran-pelanggaran dan dosa
2. Kalau memang ada jiwa yang masuk sorga tingkat rendah, maka akan overlap, bisa didahului oleh jiwa yang dari purgatory, langsung ke sorga tempat tinggi (Beatific Vision)
Seperti diatas, hasil dari Purgatory adalah penempatan posisi pada tingkatan Surga tersebut, dan yang amat Kudus langsung lolos ke tingkat teratas: St Maria, Bapa Henokh, Nabi Elia, Bapa Abraham, St Yohanes Pembaptis, para Rasul dll
3. Jika hal tersebut terjadi, maka akan ada kesamaan kondisi pada stage tertentu, antara Purgatory dan sorga tingkat rendah, sebelum jiwa diangkat ke tingkat tinggi.
IMHO, berbeda, Surga baik rendah maupun tinggi tetaplah hasil dari Purgatory
4. Apakah jiwa di sorga tingkat rendah juga mengalami purification secara continue?
IMHO, tidak, sudah melewati Purgatory
5. Jika demikian, sorga tingkat rendah juga bisa disebut purgatory?
Kemungkinan itu ada, namun saya lebih cenderung menganggap bahwa Surga baik rendah maupun tinggi adalah hasil dari Purgatory
Tambahan:
Bandingkan dengan PL:
84:1 Untuk pemimpin biduan. Menurut lagu: Gitit. Mazmur bani Korah. (84-2) Betapa disenangi tempat kediaman-Mu, ya TUHAN semesta alam!
84:2 (84-3) Jiwaku hancur karena merindukan pelataran-pelataran TUHAN; hatiku dan dagingku bersorak-sorai kepada Allah yang hidup.
84:3 (84-4) Bahkan burung pipit telah mendapat sebuah rumah, dan burung layang-layang sebuah sarang, tempat menaruh anak-anaknya, pada mezbah-mezbah-Mu, ya TUHAN semesta alam, ya Rajaku dan Allahku!
84:4 (84-5) Berbahagialah orang-orang yang diam di rumah-Mu, yang terus-menerus memuji-muji Engkau. Sela
84:5 (84-6) Berbahagialah manusia yang kekuatannya di dalam Engkau, yang berhasrat mengadakan ziarah!
84:6 (84-7) Apabila melintasi lembah Baka, mereka membuatnya menjadi tempat yang bermata air; bahkan hujan pada awal musim menyelubunginya dengan berkat.
84:7 (84-8) Mereka berjalan makin lama makin kuat, hendak menghadap Allah di Sion.
84:8 (84-9) Ya TUHAN, Allah semesta alam, dengarkanlah doaku, pasanglah telinga, ya Allah Yakub. Sela
84:9 (84-10) Lihatlah perisai kami, ya Allah, pandanglah wajah orang yang Kauurapi!
84:10 (84-11) Sebab lebih baik satu hari di pelataran-Mu dari pada seribu hari di tempat lain; lebih baik berdiri di ambang pintu rumah Allahku dari pada diam di kemah-kemah orang fasik.
84:11 (84-12) Sebab TUHAN Allah adalah matahari dan perisai; kasih dan kemuliaan Ia berikan; Ia tidak menahan kebaikan dari orang yang hidup tidak bercela.
84:12 (84-13) Ya TUHAN semesta alam, berbahagialah manusia yang percaya kepada-Mu!
Ini adalah ayat implisit perjalanan manusia yang masuk Purgatory sampai pada Surga, baik tingkat rendah (pelataran) maupun tingkat tinggi (Dalam Rumah)
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